Visualizations

Historical series of resource use and environmental impacts in Spain in a global perspective (1860–2020)

Integrated database covering materials, energy, emissions, crops, water, and nitrogen, comparing Spain and the world. It includes absolute values, trends, per capita data, and figures per unit of GDP.

Historical series of material flow accounting (Spain, 1860–2023)

Series of material flows in Spain by type (biomass, fossil fuels, metals, construction) and indicator (extraction, trade, apparent consumption) since 1860. Extended official series from Eurostat and INE.

Historical series of greenhouse gas emissions (Spain, 1860–2017)

Series of total greenhouse gas emissions broken down by main sources. Own estimates for agriculture and land use (AFOLU) based on historical records and adjusted factors.

Historical series of energy consumption (Spain, 1860–2020)

Series of annual energy consumption, based on the Energy History Project approach, including both traditional sources (food and fodder, firewood, hydropower, and wind) and modern sources (fossil fuels and electricity).

Historical series of land use distribution by major categories (Spain, 1860–2021)

Series of major land cover and land uses in Spain, with annual values since 1860, including crops (herbaceous and woody), forestry (high forest, scrubland, and open forest), pastures, and other areas.

Historical series of crops (Spain, 1860–2021)

Evolution of cultivated land since 1860. The main crop groups are broken down: fallow, fruits, cereals, olives, vegetables, industrial crops, and other crops.